Skip over main navigation
  • Log in
  • Basket: (0 items)
ECPAT UK
  • Bluesky
  • Facebook
  • Instagram
  • Donate
  • Twitter
Menu
  • The issues
    • Child trafficking, exploitation and modern slavery
      • Definitions
      • Child trafficking statistics
      • FAQs
    • Transnational child exploitation
      • Definitions
      • FAQs
  • Who we are
    • Who we are
      • Who we are
      • About us
      • Our approach
      • Our team
      • ECPAT International
      • Our history
      • Contact us
    • Impact and achievements
      • Our achievements
      • Row for Freedom
    • How we're funded
    • Annual reports
    • Contact us
    • Keep in touch
    • Work with us
  • What we do
    • Campaigns and petitions
    • Supporting young people
    • Research
    • Policy
    • Training
    • Projects
    • Children's champions
      • View our Children's Champions
  • Latest news
    • News and press releases
    • Blog
  • Resources
    • Practitioner Resources
      • Legislation
      • Guidance
      • Useful tools
    • Publications
      • Reports
        • Child trafficking and modern slavery research
        • Transnational child exploitation research
        • Online child sexual abuse research
      • Briefings
  • How you can help
    • Donate
    • Give a regular gift
    • Fundraise for us
    • Companies and corporate giving
    • Leave a gift in your will
    • Volunteer
    • Keep in touch
  • Admin
    • Log in
  • Basket: (0 items)
  • Prevention and identification of children and young adults experiencing, or at risk of, modern slavery in the UK.

    Prevention and identification of children and young adults experiencing, or at risk of, modern slavery in the UK.

    New research report reveals the alarming reality of child modern slavery in the UK and calls for urgent action to protect children and young people. Read more

  • Outside the frame: Unaccompanied children denied care and protection

    Outside the frame: Unaccompanied children denied care and protection

    New data obtained via a Freedom of Information (FOI) request shows that 45 unaccompanied children in the UK went missing in between June 2021 and March 2022 after the Home Secretary unlawfully placed them in Home Office-led hotel accommodation. Read more

  • Prevention and identification of children and young adults experiencing, or at risk of, modern slavery in the UK.
  • Outside the frame: Unaccompanied children denied care and protection
  • Next
  • Prev
  1. Resources
  2. Publications
  3. Reports
  4. Child trafficking and modern slavery research

Child trafficking and modern slavery research

Until Harm Ends: An update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

Until Harm Ends: An update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

A new report from ECPAT UK and Missing People reveals significant issues with child victims of trafficking and unaccompanied children going missing from care. Read more

Published: 24th November, 2025

Updated: 6th December, 2025

Author: Laura Duran

More than Words: how definitions impact on the UK’s response to child trafficking and exploitation

More than Words: how definitions impact on the UK’s response to child trafficking and exploitation

This report highlights how overlaps and gaps in terminology, and how they have created confusion and definitional instabilitythat hinders effective identification and intervention. These inconsistencies impact frontline practice, from safeguarding to policing and prosecution, resulting in missed opportunities to protect children from harm. Read more

Published: 22nd July, 2025

Updated: 5th March, 2026

Author: Laura Duran

Child Trafficking in the UK 2024: a snapshot

Child Trafficking in the UK 2024: a snapshot

A new report from ECPAT UK and the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner reveals the UK is failing to protect trafficked children, with systemic barriers preventing them from receiving the care and justice they deserve. Despite a 138% rise in child trafficking cases over five years and British children accounting for 78% of referrals to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) in 2023, critical legal and policy gaps persist. Read more

Published: 10th December, 2024

Author: Laura Duran

Behind Closed Doors: A Storytelling Legal and Empirical Analysis of Human Trafficking Risks in Home Office Hotels Compared to Other Accommodation for Unaccompanied Children and Young People Seeking Asylum in the UK

Behind Closed Doors: A Storytelling Legal and Empirical Analysis of Human Trafficking Risks in Home Office Hotels Compared to Other Accommodation for Unaccompanied Children and Young People Seeking Asylum in the UK

New report by University of College London (UCL) and ECPAT UK aimed to investigate the risks of trafficking and exploitation in Home Office child hotels among unaccompanied children seeking asylum in the UK. Researchers interviewed young people themselves as well as professionals such as social workers, policy stakeholders, academics, lawyers, law enforcement, support workers, and NGO staff. Read more

Published: 17th July, 2024

Updated: 16th August, 2024

Author: Laura Duran

Prevention and identification of children and young adults experiencing, or at risk of, modern slavery in the UK.

Prevention and identification of children and young adults experiencing, or at risk of, modern slavery in the UK.

New research report reveals the alarming reality of child modern slavery in the UK and calls for urgent action to protect children and young people. Read more

Published: 30th January, 2024

Updated: 20th July, 2024

Author: Helen O'Neill

Creating Stable Futures final report: Human Trafficking, Participation and Outcomes for Children

Creating Stable Futures final report: Human Trafficking, Participation and Outcomes for Children

This interim report summarises the main findings from a participatory research study based on the voices of young people who have experience of modern slavery, aiming to understand what positive outcomes for these young people would look like. The research was led by the Helena Kennedy Centre for International Justice at Sheffield Hallam University, the University of Bedfordshire’s Institute of Applied Social Research, in partnership with ECPAT UK. Read more

Published: 19th October, 2022

Updated: 30th January, 2024

Author: Pandora Haydon

Creating Stable Futures: Human trafficking, participation and outcomes for children

Creating Stable Futures: Human trafficking, participation and outcomes for children

This interim report summarises the main findings from a participatory research study based on the voices of young people who have experience of modern slavery, aiming to understand what positive outcomes for these young people would look like. The research was led by the Helena Kennedy Centre for International Justice at Sheffield Hallam University, the University of Bedfordshire’s Institute of Applied Social Research, in partnership with ECPAT UK. Read more

Published: 21st July, 2022

Updated: 18th October, 2022

Author: Pandora Haydon

Outside the frame: Unaccompanied children denied care and protection

Outside the frame: Unaccompanied children denied care and protection

New data obtained via a Freedom of Information (FOI) request shows that 45 unaccompanied children in the UK went missing in between June 2021 and March 2022 after the Home Secretary unlawfully placed them in Home Office-led hotel accommodation. Read more

Published: 2nd July, 2022

Updated: 8th March, 2023

Author: Pandora Haydon

When Harm Remains: an update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

When Harm Remains: an update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

'When Harm Remains: an update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK' follows up on ECPAT UK’s and Missing People’s first study, 'Heading Back to Harm' (which discovered that an alarmingly high number of children go missing from care with many never being found), and our second study, 'Still in Harm’s Way', which confirmed the findings that trafficked and unaccompanied children are amongst those at greatest risk of going missing in the UK. Read more

Published: 19th April, 2022

Updated: 30th January, 2024

Author: Pandora Haydon

Child trafficking in the UK 2021: a snapshot

Child trafficking in the UK 2021: a snapshot

Our latest snapshot report on child trafficking has been produced jointly with the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner, Dame Sara Thornton. Child trafficking remains a significant and growing problem in the UK and the report provides an overview including the latest data, policy developments, examples of promising practice and challenges faced by practitioners. It concludes with a series of 10 recommendations. Read more

Published: 23rd December, 2021

Updated: 7th February, 2022

Author: Patricia Durr

Child trafficking in the UK 2020: A snapshot

Child trafficking in the UK 2020: A snapshot

ECPAT UK's latest snapshot report on child trafficking in the UK provides an overview of the issues affecting children, including inadequate support provision and long term instability. The report highlights never seen before data on immigration outcomes for child victims, secured through Freedom of Information Act requests to the Home Office. Read more

Published: 17th October, 2020

Updated: 25th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

A review of what works in multi-agency decision making and the implications for child victims of trafficking

A review of what works in multi-agency decision making and the implications for child victims of trafficking

ECPAT UK and the Office of the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner have produced a review into models of multi-agency decision making in the UK. A review of what works in multi-agency decision making and the implications for child victims of trafficking makes recommendations for best practice in multi-agency decision making for child victims of trafficking, including potential future devolved decision-making in the National Referral Mechanism. Read more

Published: 12th August, 2020

Updated: 21st May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Interact report: Cross-border cooperation to protect children in migration from trafficking and exploitation

Interact report: Cross-border cooperation to protect children in migration from trafficking and exploitation

As part of our Safeguarding Migrant Children Across Europe (AMINA) project, ECPAT UK and Missing Children Europe's new report 'Interact: Towards a more efficient cooperation across borders for the protection of children in migration from trafficking and exploitation' identifies gaps in child protections and makes recommendations to ensure children are safeguarded. Read more

Published: 10th December, 2019

Updated: 30th May, 2020

Author: Anonymised User

Real people, real lives: Ten years of advocacy for victims of slavery in the UK

Real people, real lives: Ten years of advocacy for victims of slavery in the UK

This report from the Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group (ATMG), Real People, Real lives: Ten years of advocacy for victims of slavery in the UK, tells the story of how and why the ATMG was formed, and aims to illustrate the coalition as a model for good practice in holding governments around the world to account through ‘critical friendship’. Read more

Published: 1st September, 2019

Updated: 12th February, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

FAQs on child trafficking

FAQs on child trafficking

Child trafficking is a complex phenomenon. We created our FAQs on child trafficking resource to answer some of the most commonly asked questions in our daily interactions with child protection professionals and members of the public. Read more

Published: 30th April, 2019

Updated: 18th March, 2020

Author: Anonymised User

Precarious journeys: Mapping vulnerabilities of victims of trafficking from Vietnam to Europe

Precarious journeys: Mapping vulnerabilities of victims of trafficking from Vietnam to Europe

New research by ECPAT UK, Anti-Slavery International and Pacific Links Foundation traces the journeys made by Vietnamese children and adults migrating irregularly from Vietnam to the UK via Europe. The report, Precarious Journeys: Mapping Vulnerabilities of Victims of Trafficking from Vietnam to Europe, finds that the governments of countries on key trafficking routes routinely fail to protect Vietnamese children from trafficking, leaving them vulnerable to continued exploitation and abuse. Read more

Published: 7th March, 2019

Updated: 21st May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Still in Harm's Way: An update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

Still in Harm's Way: An update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

Following our ground-breaking 2016 research, leading charities ECPAT UK and Missing People have revisited the issue of trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care using 2017. Still in Harm's Way: An update report on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK finds that these children are still going missing at an alarmingly high rate. Read more

Published: 19th December, 2018

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Before the Harm is Done: Examining the UK's response to the prevention of trafficking

Before the Harm is Done: Examining the UK's response to the prevention of trafficking

The UK Government is failing to protect thousands of children from exploitation by lacking a plan to prevent child trafficking, according to a new report by the Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group (ATMG), a coalition of twelve UK-based charities, including ECPAT UK. The report Before the Harm is Done, stresses that the UK has no specific strategy in relation to preventing trafficking in children, putting thousands of children at risk. Read more

Published: 11th September, 2018

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Child trafficking in the UK 2018: A snapshot

Child trafficking in the UK 2018: A snapshot

ECPAT UK's new snapshot report provides an overview of the state of modern slavery affecting children in the UK, drawing on our experience of working with young people who have been exploited, and compiling the latest statistics and recent policy developments on this important issue. Read more

Published: 18th June, 2018

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Time to transform: Frontline professionals' views on the National Referral Mechanism

Time to transform: Frontline professionals' views on the National Referral Mechanism

Time to transform shows the results of ECPAT UK's survey into frontline professionals’ attitudes towards the National Referral Mechanism, specifically in regard to children’s cases. Read more

Published: 21st November, 2017

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Lighting the way

Lighting the way

The second report for the ReACT project provides guidance for professionals on how to improve the identification and protection of children who may have been trafficked. Read more

Published: 3rd August, 2017

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Better support, better protection: Steps lawyers and guardians can take to better identify and protect trafficked children

Better support, better protection: Steps lawyers and guardians can take to better identify and protect trafficked children

This report for the ReACT project provides a snapshot of the manner in which children who may have been trafficked into and within five EU states were or were not identified and protected in and up to 2016. Read more

Published: 24th January, 2017

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Heading back to harm: A study on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

Heading back to harm: A study on trafficked and unaccompanied children going missing from care in the UK

Trafficked and unaccompanied asylum-seeking children are going missing from UK care at an “alarmingly high” rate, according to a new study by leading charities ECPAT UK and Missing People. Read more

Published: 24th January, 2017

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Class Acts? Examining modern slavery legislation across the UK

Class Acts? Examining modern slavery legislation across the UK

Has new anti-slavery legislation across the UK increased prosecution of traffickers, prevented further trafficking and enhanced the protection of victims? Read more

Published: 10th October, 2016

Updated: 20th May, 2021

Author: Anonymised User

Load more Back to top

Latest

  • Joint response to the King's Speech announcement of reforms to the modern slavery framework

    Joint response to the King's Speech announcement of reforms to the modern slavery framework

    Following the announcement In the King's Speech that the new Immigration and Asylum Bill will include reforms to the modern slavery legislative framework, leading organisations and experts warn the government that it cannot end human trafficking and modern slavery without a safeguarding-first response to all victims and survivors that shifts the balance of risk decisively onto traffickers

  • Child Trafficking Survivors Warn: Government Proposals Will Put Vulnerable Children at Risk

    Child Trafficking Survivors Warn: Government Proposals Will Put Vulnerable Children at Risk

    The ECPAT UK Youth Advisory Group has issued a strong response to the King’s Speech with the announcement of a new Immigration and Asylum Bill as part of the government’s ongoing plans to reform the asylum and immigration system. The group raises the alarm about the impact on child victims of trafficking of major changes which will make identification and protection of victims harder.

  • An Overview of Child Trafficking, Modern Slavery & Exploitation

    An Overview of Child Trafficking, Modern Slavery & Exploitation

    This online course provides a detailed overview of child trafficking, modern slavery and exploitation in the UK, supporting practitioners to identify and effectively safeguard child victims.

  • ECPAT UK welcomes GRETA’s Fourth Evaluation Report and urges Government to act on urgent child‑specific recommendations

    ECPAT UK welcomes GRETA’s Fourth Evaluation Report and urges Government to act on urgent child‑specific recommendations

    ECPAT UK welcomes the publication of the Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) Fourth Evaluation Round report on the United Kingdom, which delivers urgent and detailed child‑focused recommendations for the United Kingdom. GRETA’s report draws significantly on ECPAT UK’s research, reflecting our long‑standing evidence of systemic failures in the UK’s response to child trafficking and exploitation.

Most read

  • What is child trafficking?

  • Child trafficking statistics

    Child trafficking statistics

    The latest data on the number of victims of trafficking in the UK and worldwide.

  • National Referral Mechanism

    National Referral Mechanism

    The National Referral Mechanism is a process set up by the Government to identify and support victims of trafficking in the UK. It was born out of the Government's obligation to identify victims under the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Human Trafficking, which came into force on 1 February 2008.

  • Volunteer

    Volunteer

    ECPAT UK relies on committed volunteers to support the work that we do. Without their help, we would not be able to campaign as effectively against child exploitation.

  • The Secret Gardeners: New film on child trafficking from Vietnam

    The Secret Gardeners: New film on child trafficking from Vietnam

    The Secret Gardeners aims to inform professionals about the plight of children who are forced by organised crime gangs to grow drugs in houses across the UK but who often face criminalisation and prison.

  • Our team

    Our team

    ECPAT UK's team has more than 30 years' experience working on issues of child trafficking, child protection, child sexual exploitation, unaccompanied children, modern slavery and more.

  • About us

    About us

    ECPAT UK is a leading children's rights organisation working to protect children from child trafficking and transnational child exploitation. We support children everywhere to uphold their rights and to live a life free from abuse and exploitation.

  • United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

    United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

    The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is an international human rights treaty that grants all children and young people (aged 17 and under) a comprehensive set of rights. The UK signed the Convention on 19 April 1990, ratified it on 16 December 1991 and it came into force on 15 January 1992.

  • Contact us

    Contact us

    If you have an immediate concern about a child's welfare, please contact your local council's social care department, who are available 24 hours a day. For all other enquiries related to our work, contact [email protected] or call 020 7607 2136.

  • United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto (including the Palermo Protocol)

    United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto (including the Palermo Protocol)

    The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto is the main international legal instrument in the fight against transnational organised crime, including human trafficking.

More than Words: how definitions impact on the UK’s response to child trafficking and exploitation

More than Words: how definitions impact on the UK’s response to child trafficking and exploitation

This report highlights how overlaps and gaps in terminology, and how they have created confusion and definitional instabilitythat hinders effective identification and intervention. These inconsistencies impact frontline practice, from safeguarding to policing and prosecution, resulting in missed opportunities to protect children from harm. Read more

Published: 22nd July, 2025

Updated: 5th March, 2026

Author: Laura Duran

ECPAT UK welcomes GRETA’s Fourth Evaluation Report and urges Government to act on urgent child‑specific recommendations

ECPAT UK welcomes GRETA’s Fourth Evaluation Report and urges Government to act on urgent child‑specific recommendations

ECPAT UK welcomes the publication of the Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) Fourth Evaluation Round report on the United Kingdom, which delivers urgent and detailed child‑focused recommendations for the United Kingdom. GRETA’s report draws significantly on ECPAT UK’s research, reflecting our long‑standing evidence of systemic failures in the UK’s response to child trafficking and exploitation. Read more

Published: 5th May, 2026

Updated: 13th May, 2026

Author: Laura Duran

Sign up for our newsletter

* indicates required
Email Format

Report immediate concerns about a child's welfare

If you have an immediate concern about a child's welfare, please contact your local council's social care department, who are available 24 hours a day. You can find their contact details on the Directgov website or in the phone book.

You can also contact the Modern Slavery Helpline on 0800 0121 700 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

If your concern is urgent, please call the police in your area or 999.

ECPAT UK
Family Action
34 Wharf Road 
London N1 7GR

Tel: 020 7607 2136
Email: [email protected]

Charity number: 1104948
Company Ltd by Guarantee: 5061385

Copyright © ECPAT UK 2016

ECPAT UK fundraising regulator logo

  • Contact us
  • Job vacancies
  • Donate
  • Terms and Conditions
  • Safeguarding Policy & Procedures
  • Privacy Policy
  • Our Supporter Promise
  • Keep in touch
  • ECPAT International



Manage Cookie Preferences